Polite Dissent

The mystery was fairly bland in this week’s episode of House, but the medicine was much better overall. Good bye Cameron. Don’t let the door hit you on the way out.

Hank, a successful porn star is admitted to Princeton Plainsboro Teaching Hospital after developing a severe headache and photophobia (sensitivity to light) while on set. House starts off by ordering a series of tests: an STD panel (to look for sexually transmitted diseases), a toxin screen (to look for common toxins), C-Reactive Protein (”CRP”, a measure of inflammation), ANA (antinuclear antibodies, to look for autoimmune diseases) and a lumbar puncture (to look for viral encephalitis). While the patient is having his spinal tap performed, he develops severe muscle spam and pain (tetany) in his arms. Foreman orders meperidine (Demerol, a strong pain medication).

About this time, House starts hitting up Taub and Thirteen for ideas, trying to lure them back on the team. Taub suggests that Hank must have a brain problem, such as a tumor or seizure. Foreman believes that Hank suffers from cerebral vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels in the brain). House agrees with Foreman’s assessment and starts the patient on steroids. He also orders a brain angiogram (an x-ray of the arteries in the brain), as well as an EEG and a nerve biopsy, just to be sure. Foreman convinces Chase to perform the angiogram, but he and Cameron suspect that the patient is suffering from Vitamin D deficiency, so instead of checking the angiogram, they decide to start Hank on light therapy and intravenous vitamin replacement. Unfortunately, while undergoing the light therapy, Hank develops a nosebleed and is found to have petechiae on his legs.

Hank is now diagnosed with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC, a weird, but very serious, condition, where the patient is both bleeding too much and clotting too much). Sepsis is suggested as a possible cause, but since he is showing none of the shock associated with sepsis, the idea is discarded. Bacteremia (bacteria in the blood) is suggested, but Cameron shoots it down suggesting instead Meningococcemia (meningococcal bacteria in the blood — really a subset of what Chase suggested). House concurs with Cameron’s diagnosis and Hank is started on heparin (a blood thinner, for the clots) and a broad spectrum antibiotic that covers meningococcus (but if you know which bacteria you’re treating, then you don’t need a broad spectrum antibiotic).

Hank does not improve and he starts to run a fever. Taub suggests that he might have an infection hidden away in his sinuses, where the antibiotics have difficulty reaching, so Chase performs sinus surgery to clear out the sinuses. Now Hank begins to complain of severe abdominal pain and Cameron discovers something on the exam (apparent ascites — fluid in the abdomen) that makes her diagnose liver failure. She suggests a Klatskin tumor (cancer of the bile duct), but it doesn’t quite fit the symptoms. Foreman suggests that Hank has sclerosing cholangitis (a disease that damages the bile ducts). House agrees and an ERCP (an endoscopic exam of the bile duct and pancreas) is ordered — surprisingly it shows a mass in the common bile duct that ends up being a large clump of worms. Hank apparently has strongyloides (”whipworm threadworm”), and is given mebendazole to kill the worms.

Once again, Hank’s condition dramatically worsens. He develops severe pulmonary edema (fluid build up in the lungs). Chase thinks it might be a combination of a hematological (blood) problem and cardiomyopathy (a heart problem). Foremen suspects Hank has lymphoma, with peritoneal carcinomatosis (malignant spread of cancer across the abdomen) and paraneoplastic syndrome explaining his symptoms. House sides with Foreman, and Hank is started on chemotherapy. A short time later, Hank’s condition takes another turn for the worse when he starts urinating blood. Next, his blood pressure and heart rate skyrocket, and he starts to bleed from his mouth. He then suffers a cardiac arrest, but the team is able to stabilize him.

The latest labs are back and show that Hank barely has any red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. The differential diagnosis now includes hypopituitarism (an underfunctioning pituitary gland), renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), or aleukemic leukemia (a leukemia that is associated with low white blood counts instead of the normally high counts found in leukemia). House tells the team that the latter is the most likely and orders them to ablate (destroy) Hank’s bone marrow in anticipation of a bone marrow transplant. There is a lot of hemming and hawing about whether this is the right thing to do, since it could make Hank sicker or kill him, but at the last moment, Thirteen and Taub call in with the correct diagnosis: extraintestinal Crohn’s disease. According to them, Hank’s exceptionally clean childhood made him more likely to develop diseases such as Crohn’s, and the worms were actually helping him keep the disease in check. Once the worms were killed off, the Crohn’s flared up with a vengeance. With some methylprednisolone (steroids), Hank should get better — but the team wants to give him some worms again, just to make sure.

I found no massive errors in tonight’s episode. There was the usual: jumping randomly between unrelated diagnoses, bizarre test interpretation, and Chase being a specialist surgeon, but nothing horrible. Of course, that’s not to say I have no complaints (as if!). As usual, minor complaints are in blue, nit-picking ones in green:

Where exactly was the extraintestinal focus of the Crohn’s?

Why did he develop a headache and photophobia in the beginning? Was that the Crohn’s? Why did everything suddenly worsen when he got in the hospital? The steroids he was given for the vasculitis should have calmed down the Crohn’s.

The strongyloides worms may not have been the cause of his disease, but their blockage of the bile duct would still cause serious problems for the patient.

Again, no oncologist is going to start chemotherapy for cancer without a tissue diagnosis.

Special precautions are taken for patients who are neutropenic (dangerously low in white blood cells, and thus more susceptible to infection) including gowning and gloving everybody in contact with the patient. You do not roll them down the hospital’s common hallway without a mask and with the wife holding his hand.

The CRP should have been significantly elevated with the Crohn’s disease (and the cerebral vasculitis too).

While the ANA is generally strongly positive for certain types of autoimmune diseases, it is not found in every autoimmune condition (or even most autoimmune conditions), so a negative ANA does not mean there is no autoimmune disease (and positive ANAs in the absence of autoimmune pathology are also possible).

How about checking the vitamin D level — an easy thing to do — before treating the patient.

I noticed how they avoided actually saying the word “ascites” and instead chose a wordier explanation. Probably because of their problem pronouncing it last time.

Cameron shoots down Chase’s idea of bacteremia, but then suggests meningococcemia, a type of bacteremia. The same argument she used against Chase would go against her as well.

Why would you ablate the bone marrow without finding a donor first? (OK, maybe House was never planning on really following through with it, but why would the others go along?)

And now credit where credit is due:
The hygiene hypothesis is a legitimate and controversial scientific theory concerning the rise in asthma and allergy rates in industrialized nations. Some researchers link it to autoimmune diseases as well.
Helminthic therapy — treatment of disease using intentional infestation of parasitic worms — is being tested in a variety of diseases, including Crohn’s/
Shocking ventricular tachycardia, like Foreman did this episode, is the right treatment.

The mystery was okay, but seemed to get lost in the shuffle as the show progressed. I give it a B. The final solution was a stretch, especially when you look back at the original symptoms. It earns a C. Overall, the medicine was better that it has been the past few weeks and earns another B. The soap opera was decent as well. I enjoy Tab and Thirteen, so I’m fine with having them back, though I know many will disagree. The soap opera earns still another B.

Last week’s House review
A list of all prior House reviews

A good episode of House with a fascinating premise and some good soap opera and social moments. The medicine was average, but didn’t hurt the episode much.

Nick Greenwald is a successful book editor who, while at a party launching his star author’s latest book, finds himself blurting out truth after uncomfortable truth to those around him. He then develops a nosebleed and collapses.

Nick is admitted to House’s service where the team notes that he reminds them of the classic case of Phineas Gage (a railroad worker who suffered personality changes after a spike was driven through his brain). Nick is showing signs of frontal lobe disinhibition, but there is no sign of a frontal lobe tumor as his head MRI is negative. Thirteen suggests that there may be a tumor hidden in the nasal cavity, but a nasopharyngoscope shows nothing. Next, an fMRI (functional MRI — an MRI that looks at blood flow within the brain) is obtained and reveals an abnormal area in the cingulate gyrus. Thirteen remarks that it’s too near the brainstem to biopsy, then Foreman mentions that it might be neurosarcoidosis (sarcoidosis which affects the central nervous system). Steroids are started to treat the presumed sarcoidosis.

Nick suddenly becomes very short of breath. Foreman states that it’s not his heart because the EKG is normal, so it must be kidney failure, and starts him on dialysis.

The differential now includes systemic sclerosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (both of which are quickly dismissed), as well as diabetes, and some sort of “congenital genetic disorder.” Foreman points out that there are too many genetic disorders to test for them all. House has Taub run a glucose tolerance test to check for diabetes, and has Kutner check Nick’s daughter for peripheral nerve damage because she suffers from some ill-defined neurological disorder and he thinks the condition might be inherited. The peripheral nerve test is normal, and Taub reports that the glucose tolerance test was completely normal and never above 120 for the entire night. House now wants to check the thyroid, but before the test can be ordered, Nick develops a fever, coughing, and pulmonary edema. Kutner orders 200MG of furosemide (a diuretic) and 2MG of morphine (primarily a pain killer, it also helps with pulmonary edema).

With Nick’s temperature at 103° (39C), the team now considers infection as the likely cause of his symptoms. Foreman mentions Staph aureus, tuberculosis, and strongyloides (threadworm). Kutner determines that a stray dog is living with Nick’s family and he and House suspect that Nick has developed Weil’s Disease (leptospirosis — an infection caused by the Leptospira genus of bacteria). He is started on doxycycline (an antibiotic) and his condition improves. Kutner and Foreman tell him that while the infection is cured, his brain damage and disinhibition are going to be permanent. Nick wants surgery to remove the damaged area, but they tell him it is too risky. He talks to House, who apparently sees some of himself in Nick, and talks Chase into getting his boss — a neurosurgeon — to perform the surgery. Initially, the surgery seems successful, but then it quickly becomes clear that Nick still blurts out whatever crosses his mind. That’s not all though, as his temperature starts falling dangerously low and he develops unstable ventricular tachycardia (and this is the right time to use the paddles). The arrhythmia is corrected and an echocardiogram is obtained, but shows no structural heart damage. Nick continues to have an abnormal temperature. The differential diagnosis now leans toward cancer, but Foreman rather cavalierly dismisses the idea. He orders a full body scan. This shows a small abdominal aneurysm (dismissed as an incidental finding), a cyst in the pleura (the membrane surrounding the lungs — also dismissed as an incidental finding), and a density in the liver. Foreman suspects this density represnts an ateriovenous malformation (AVM) and that multiple AVMs would explain the patient’s condition. He wants to go forward with angiography with embolization (a test to find and then block off the AVMs).

House is in New York with Wilson, but the team is texting him to keep in touch. In the middle of a conversation about Wilson’s guilt over his schizophrenic brother, House has his Eureka! moment. The glucose tolerance test that was normal should not have been normal because Nick was on steroids, which raise a person’s blood sugar. The fact that it did not rise, combined with the cyst — which is really a fibroma — in the pleura means that Nick has Doege-Potter Syndrome (a fibrous tumor that secretes insulin-like compounds and causes low blood sugar; Kutner mentions human growth hormone, but other similar chemicals can also be secreted). Nick has also developed an autoimmune reaction to the tumor, and his immune system has gone into overdrive and attacked his own body (brain, kidney, heart in this case). Removing the tumor should solve his problems — the medical ones at least.

They’re really weren’t any huge medical errors this week, just the usual hodge-podge of symptoms and diagnoses that really don’t fit. The worst was Foreman’s clueless statement about cancer, so that gets the prize this week. Well, there was also that one scene, but I’ve already spent enough space talking about it.

As usual, major complaints are in red, minor in blue, nit-picking in green:

A normal PSA, normal colonoscopy, and normal blood count absolutely do not rule out cancer. Admittedly, colon cancer and prostate cancer are the most common cancers in a man Nick’s age, but there are plenty of other cancers out there (plus there are concerns about how reliable the PSA test actually is).

Diabetes doesn’t really fit his symptoms at all — other than the kidney disease. Of course, it was just an excuse to run the glucose tolerance test.
Speaking of the glucose tolerance test, the patient needs to be fasting, and it doesn’t take 12 hours to run.
It’s true that the steroids should have raised Nick’s sugars, but even a normal patient whose blood sugar didn’t rise above 120 after a hefty glucose load would be unusual.

Brain damage and peripheral nerve damage are two different things. It’s more common to have one without the other than both together.

If Nick’s kidneys are shot and he requires dialysis (a very important fact that was never mentioned again in the show; the dialysis that is, not the kidneys), then even 200MG of Lasix is not going to have any effect.

An MRI of the brain should have shown any nasal cavity tumor, especially one that was eroding into the brain.

Too many genetic disorders to test for them all? But they tested for them all in at least two previous episodes.

House doesn’t like full body scans? Then why does the team order them so regularly.

A cyst is hollow, a fibroma is solid. A scan should be able to tell the difference.

I thought the medical mystery was good this week, it was interesting not only from a medical perspective, but also fascinating from a social perspective. It made me wonder what horrible secrets I might spill. I give it an A. The solution was fairly logical, even if it did require two diagnoses (Doege-Potter + autoimmune). It earns a B+. The medicine was average for the show and I give it a C; it might have scored higher had that one scene been clearer. The soap opera was the best part of the episode. There were good House/Wilson and House/Taub interactions (the squash racket was great), and the patient’s social interactions were like a car crash: painful, but impossible to look away. The soap opera earns a solid A.

Last week’s House review
A list of all prior House reviews

Another episode of House that focuses more on the applicants (or hirelings, if you prefer) and soap opera rather than the medicine. That’s not necessarily a bad thing, and it was an enjoyable episode soap opera wise. I just wish it had better medicine. Spoilers below!

The main patient tonight is Stark, a 37 y/o man with Spinal Muscular Atrophy, an incurable and progressive neurological disease that weakens muscles. He is wheelchair bound and assisted by his dog Hoover. While crossing the street, Stark faints without warning and is nearly hit by a car. He is admitted to the hospital to find out why he had the fainting spell.

House divides the ten remaining applicants into two teams of five each: boys versus girls. The team that diagnoses Stark correctly wins and gets to remain. The losing team is fired. Everybody’s favorite alpha-female Amber wants to join the men’s team but they rebuff her.

Both teams initially consider that Stark may have picked up a bacterial infection from his dog Hoover, but discard the idea. The women’s team now decides that he must have become infected with Strongyloides (threadworm) on his recent trip to Thailand. They treat him with Ivermectin, an antihelminthic drug (i.e. an anti-worm drug). The men have no working diagnosis and want to run a full battery of tests on Stark’s hair, blood, and stool. During this conversation, it is revealed that Stark is also incredibly constipated. Amber manages to finagle her way onto the men’s team by convincing them to try xenodiagnosis — basically, have a bug bite the patient, and test the bug for any parasites that the patient may have (of course, this would only test for blood-borne parasites, not ones in the intestines or other organs). In the middle of the test, Stark starts choking and coughing.

The next morning, House reveals that the patient has suffered an aspiration, but is improving on oxygen and chest PT (though the patient is shown receiving a nebulizer. Aspiration pneumonia, a nasty type of pneumonia, would be a concern in this patient). House seems intrigued by the women’s diagnosis of Strongyloides and dismayed that the men have only managed to run test after test. He places the men’s team in the “penalty box” — making them sit in his office and not talk about the case while the women go about proving theirs. Their plan is to perform a tilt table test on Stark and try to induce a fainting spell. If the test is negative and there is no fainting, then their diagnosis and treatment must be right (but not necessarily, the tilt table test only reproduces certain types of syncope — and not the type the patient has — and/or he might be getting better for other reasons beside their treatment).

Amber and the guys have not given up. They want to know whether Stark’s choking is dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) or achalasia (an esophageal motility disorder). The old guy suggests paraganglioma — a tumor in the neck that presses against the vagal nerve, thus causing fainting, whenever the patient eats. The tilt table test is negative, seeming to confirm the women’s diagnosis and treatment, but Amber runs a CT on Stark anyway. No tumor is revealed, but she believes the results are consistent with scleroderma, a type of connective tissue disease that commonly affects the skin and esophagus. House disagrees and fires the men and Amber. She’s not done though, she talks Chase into running labs on the patient for her. She wants to run an anti-centromere antibody test, a blood test that is sensitive for scleroderma. When she draws the patient’s blood, it turns out to be green.

With this finding, House “rehires” the men’s team and Amber because the diagnosis he thought was right clearly is not. The plastic surgeon deduces that the blood is green because the contrast for the CT the patient had the day before has not been filtered out by the kidneys meaning that Stark has kidney failure. (Who runs a contrast CT on a hospitalized patient without checking kidney function first? That’s very sloppy medicine by Amber, even if she did run the test herself).

The differential is now a gram negative bacterial infection from his indwelling catheter versus scleroderma. House orders Stark to be started on Ampicillin and Gentamicin, two potent antibiotics, for the possible infection; he also orders skin and lymph node biopsies to look for scleroderma. Shortly, the team reveal that the antibiotics are having no effect (though it seems mighty quick to make that judgment) and the biopsies are negative. Or are they? House notices some black specks in the cervical lymph node biopsy and suspects that Stark has melanoma of the eye that has spread throughout the body He wants to remove the eye and manages to talk Cuddy into agreeing with the surgery. Before surgery, the applicants are performing a thoracentesis (draining the fluid from around Stark’s lungs) to make his breathing easier when they notice the fluid is clear. This is not consistent with fluid from a cancer, which tends to be cloudy and bloody. Stepping in after House’s injury (discussed below), Wilson and the team decide that Stark has Eosinophilic Pneumonia, and he is started on corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide (a potent immune suppressant and chemotherapy drug, that has been used for certain types Eosinophilc Pneumonia). The medication doesn’t help and Stark dies quickly and quietly, his faithful dog by his side. When the dog is revealed to be dead a few minutes later, House realizes that Hoover took the patient’s Invermectin (which is fatal to that breed of dog) instead of the patient. Thus, the women were right and the patient had Strongyloides all along, and died of an overwhelming threadworm infection.

Medically, the episode was rather limited — which is to be expected in a story with six patients and more than a dozen doctors. The ultimate solution was interesting and not expected. I’m not sure exactly how the Strongyloides led to fainting, unless it was a severe case of disseminated Strongyloides, and even then it’s a stretch. The women never confirmed, or even tested for, the diagnosis of Strongyloides. Stool samples are the most common test, but it can take up to seven, but there is a good blood test for the infection. Most experts recommend at least two doses of Ivermectin, if not more. The disease progressed remarkably rapidly, but then Stark was in a debilitated condition, and given immunosuppressants, which are a bad idea with disseminated Strongyloides. It’s not generally the physician’s responsibility to make sure the patient takes the medication (I’m not sure whose it is — at some point, you just have to assume the patient wants to get better and trust that he will take the medication). I’m also unclear why the dog ended up with medication. Did he eat it of his own accord (his name “Hoover” suggests this may be a possibility), or did Stark feed it to the dog? If it’s the former, why wouldn’t Stark tell someone that he didn’t get his medication?

Just because a tilt table test was negative does not prove the diagnosis of Strongyloides. Tilt tables are best for certain kinds of fainting — for instance, orthostatic hypotension that occurs when people stand up suddenly. When was the last time Stark stood up? It’s a poor choice of tests to begin with, and did they have a positive test before treatment to compare it to? It’s basically a post hoc ergo propter hoc error.

Finally, where did House get the idea that the suspected cancer cells must come from the eye because the eye is the only thing that drains to that lymph node? Lymph node drainage is a lot more complex than that. An eye may indeed drain to one lymph node, but it is not the only part of the body that drains there.

As for the clinic patient — I am not an electrician — but wouldn’t you need to complete the circuit, that is have metal in both parts of the socket, for the electricity to flow (assuming the hospital is grounded correctly)?

The previous House review
A list of all prior House reviews
Tomorrow night I’ll be taking a look at the new ABC show Private Practice (Last week’s review can be found here)